What defines a character arc in literature?

A character arc is fundamentally defined by the transformation or growth a character undergoes throughout the story. This concept encompasses the internal and external changes a character experiences as a result of their journey, interactions, and the challenges they face. A well-developed character arc allows readers to see the character evolve, whether through learning from their mistakes, overcoming obstacles, or shifting their beliefs and attitudes. This growth is essential for creating a dynamic narrative and helps engage readers emotionally, fostering a deeper connection to the character's experiences.

While the other options, such as physical appearance, relationships, and background, are important aspects that can contribute to how a character is perceived and can influence their development, they do not encapsulate the essence of what a character arc represents. Instead, character arcs focus on the progression and evolution of a character's personality or outlook as a reflection of the story's events and themes.